Video Object Segmentation using Supervoxel-Based Gerrymandering

Pixels operate locally. Superpixels have some potential to collect information across many pixels; supervoxels have more potential by implicitly operating across time. In this paper, we explore this well established notion thoroughly analyzing how supervoxels can be used in place of and in conjunction with other means of aggregating information across space-time. Focusing on the problem of strictly unsupervised video object segmentation, we devise a method called supervoxel gerrymandering that links masks of foregroundness and backgroundness via local and non-local consensus measures. We pose and answer a series of critical questions about the ability of supervoxels to adequately sway local voting; the questions regard type and scale of supervoxels as well as local versus non-local consensus, and the questions are posed in a general way so as to impact the broader knowledge of the use of supervoxels in video understanding. We work with the DAVIS dataset and find that our analysis yields an unsupervised method that outperforms all other known unsupervised methods and even many supervised ones

BubbleNets: Learning to Select the Guidance Frame in Video Object Segmentation by Deep Sorting Frames

Semi-supervised video object segmentation has made significant progress on real and challenging videos in recent years. The current paradigm for segmentation methods and benchmark datasets is to segment objects in video provided a single annotation in the first frame. However, we find that segmentation performance across the entire video varies dramatically when selecting an alternative frame for annotation. This paper address the problem of learning to suggest the single best frame across the video for user annotation-this is, in fact, never the first frame of video. We achieve this by introducing BubbleNets, a novel deep sorting network that learns to select frames using a performance-based loss function that enables the conversion of expansive amounts of training examples from already existing datasets. Using BubbleNets, we are able to achieve an 11% relative improvement in segmentation performance on the DAVIS benchmark without any changes to the underlying method of segmentation.Comment: CVPR 201

Tukey-Inspired Video Object Segmentation

We investigate the problem of strictly unsupervised video object segmentation, i.e., the separation of a primary object from background in video without a user-provided object mask or any training on an annotated dataset. We find foreground objects in low-level vision data using a John Tukey-inspired measure of "outlierness". This Tukey-inspired measure also estimates the reliability of each data source as video characteristics change (e.g., a camera starts moving). The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art results for strictly unsupervised video object segmentation on the challenging DAVIS dataset. Finally, we use a variant of the Tukey-inspired measure to combine the output of multiple segmentation methods, including those using supervision during training, runtime, or both. This collectively more robust method of segmentation improves the Jaccard measure of its constituent methods by as much as 28%

Kinematically-Informed Interactive Perception: Robot-Generated 3D Models for Classification

To be useful in everyday environments, robots must be able to observe and learn about objects. Recent datasets enable progress for classifying data into known object categories; however, it is unclear how to collect reliable object data when operating in cluttered, partially-observable environments. In this paper, we address the problem of building complete 3D models for real-world objects using a robot platform, which can remove objects from clutter for better classification. Furthermore, we are able to learn entirely new object categories as they are encountered, enabling the robot to classify previously unidentifiable objects during future interactions. We build models of grasped objects using simultaneous manipulation and observation, and we guide the processing of visual data using a kinematic description of the robot to combine observations from different view-points and remove background noise. To test our framework, we use a mobile manipulation robot equipped with an RGBD camera to build voxelized representations of unknown objects and then classify them into new categories. We then have the robot remove objects from clutter to manipulate, observe, and classify them in real-time

Robot-Supervised Learning for Object Segmentation

To be effective in unstructured and changing environments, robots must learn to recognize new objects. Deep learning has enabled rapid progress for object detection and segmentation in computer vision; however, this progress comes at the price of human annotators labeling many training examples. This paper addresses the problem of extending learning-based segmentation methods to robotics applications where annotated training data is not available. Our method enables pixelwise segmentation of grasped objects. We factor the problem of segmenting the object from the background into two sub-problems: (1) segmenting the robot manipulator and object from the background and (2) segmenting the object from the manipulator. We propose a kinematics-based foreground segmentation technique to solve (1). To solve (2), we train a self-recognition network that segments the robot manipulator. We train this network without human supervision, leveraging our foreground segmentation technique from (1) to label a training set of images containing the robot manipulator without a grasped object. We demonstrate experimentally that our method outperforms state-of-the-art adaptable in-hand object segmentation. We also show that a training set composed of automatically labelled images of grasped objects improves segmentation performance on a test set of images of the same objects in the environment

Predicting Future Lane Changes of Other Highway Vehicles using RNN-based Deep Models

In the event of sensor failure, autonomous vehicles need to safely execute emergency maneuvers while avoiding other vehicles on the road. To accomplish this, the sensor-failed vehicle must predict the future semantic behaviors of other drivers, such as lane changes, as well as their future trajectories given a recent window of past sensor observations. We address the first issue of semantic behavior prediction in this paper, which is a precursor to trajectory prediction, by introducing a framework that leverages the power of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and graphical models. Our goal is to predict the future categorical driving intent, for lane changes, of neighboring vehicles up to three seconds into the future given as little as a one-second window of past LIDAR, GPS, inertial, and map data. We collect real-world data containing over 20 hours of highway driving using an autonomous Toyota vehicle. We propose a composite RNN model by adopting the methodology of Structural Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to learn factor functions and take advantage of both the high-level structure of graphical models and the sequence modeling power of RNNs, which we expect to afford more transparent modeling and activity than opaque, single RNN models. To demonstrate our approach, we validate our model using authentic interstate highway driving to predict the future lane change maneuvers of other vehicles neighboring our autonomous vehicle. We find that our composite Structural RNN outperforms baselines by as much as 12% in balanced accuracy metrics

A Critical Investigation of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Navigation

The navigation problem is classically approached in two steps: an exploration step, where map-information about the environment is gathered; and an exploitation step, where this information is used to navigate efficiently. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms, alternatively, approach the problem of navigation in an end-to-end fashion. Inspired by the classical approach, we ask whether DRL algorithms are able to inherently explore, gather and exploit map-information over the course of navigation. We build upon Mirowski et al. [2017] work and introduce a systematic suite of experiments that vary three parameters: the agent's starting location, the agent's target location, and the maze structure. We choose evaluation metrics that explicitly measure the algorithm's ability to gather and exploit map-information. Our experiments show that when trained and tested on the same maps, the algorithm successfully gathers and exploits map-information. However, when trained and tested on different sets of maps, the algorithm fails to transfer the ability to gather and exploit map-information to unseen maps. Furthermore, we find that when the goal location is randomized and the map is kept static, the algorithm is able to gather and exploit map-information but the exploitation is far from optimal. We open-source our experimental suite in the hopes that it serves as a framework for the comparison of future algorithms and leads to the discovery of robust alternatives to classical navigation methods

Learning Object Depth from Camera Motion and Video Object Segmentation

Video object segmentation, i.e., the separation of a target object from background in video, has made significant progress on real and challenging videos in recent years. To leverage this progress in 3D applications, this paper addresses the problem of learning to estimate the depth of segmented objects given some measurement of camera motion (e.g., from robot kinematics or vehicle odometry). We achieve this by, first, introducing a diverse, extensible dataset and, second, designing a novel deep network that estimates the depth of objects using only segmentation masks and uncalibrated camera movement. Our data-generation framework creates artificial object segmentations that are scaled for changes in distance between the camera and object, and our network learns to estimate object depth even with segmentation errors. We demonstrate our approach across domains using a robot camera to locate objects from the YCB dataset and a vehicle camera to locate obstacles while driving.Comment: ECCV 202

Depth from Camera Motion and Object Detection

This paper addresses the problem of learning to estimate the depth of detected objects given some measurement of camera motion (e.g., from robot kinematics or vehicle odometry). We achieve this by 1) designing a recurrent neural network (DBox) that estimates the depth of objects using a generalized representation of bounding boxes and uncalibrated camera movement and 2) introducing the Object Depth via Motion and Detection Dataset (ODMD). ODMD training data are extensible and configurable, and the ODMD benchmark includes 21,600 examples across four validation and test sets. These sets include mobile robot experiments using an end-effector camera to locate objects from the YCB dataset and examples with perturbations added to camera motion or bounding box data. In addition to the ODMD benchmark, we evaluate DBox in other monocular application domains, achieving state-of-the-art results on existing driving and robotics benchmarks and estimating the depth of objects using a camera phone.Comment: CVPR 202

Learning Kinematic Descriptions using SPARE: Simulated and Physical ARticulated Extendable dataset

Next generation robots will need to understand intricate and articulated objects as they cooperate in human environments. To do so, these robots will need to move beyond their current abilities--- working with relatively simple objects in a task-indifferent manner--- toward more sophisticated abilities that dynamically estimate the properties of complex, articulated objects. To that end, we make two compelling contributions toward general articulated (physical) object understanding in this paper. First, we introduce a new dataset, SPARE: Simulated and Physical ARticulated Extendable dataset. SPARE is an extendable open-source dataset providing equivalent simulated and physical instances of articulated objects (kinematic chains), providing the greater research community with a training and evaluation tool for methods generating kinematic descriptions of articulated objects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first joint visual and physical (3D-printable) dataset for the Vision community. Second, we present a deep neural network that can predit the number of links and the length of the links of an articulated object. These new ideas outperform classical approaches to understanding kinematic chains, such tracking-based methods, which fail in the case of occlusion and do not leverage multiple views when available